Index for The Fissured Workplace

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ABM Industries, 56, 133
Abraham, Katherine, 90, 314n36
accounting, and outsourcing, 52, 54–55
adverse selection, 63
Aetna, 39
Affordable Care Act (2010), 309n3
agriculture industry: and offshoring, 169; enforcement in 217-219, 351n12; definition of establishment in, 218; competitive forces, 259-260; and labor standards, 260
Ahn, Sarah, 256
Airstream, 53
Akerson, Dan, 74
ALT Inc., 109–112
Americans with Disabilities Act, and notification about employee rights, 252
A&P, 28–30, 294n4
apparel industry: and offshoring, 172; in Bangladesh, 176; enforcement in, 224–228; and lean retailing, 225-226; supply chain approach, 226-228; compliance with labor standards, 226, 228.
Apple Inc., 7–8, 171–175, 234, 302n27; and core competencies, 50–51; and Foxconn, 174-175,
Asian American Hotel Operators Association (AAHOA), 257–258, 363n28
A. T. Massey Coal Company, 102–105, 204, 315n7
AT&T, 94–95, 107, 109; task matrix for subcontractors, 66; and cell tower fatalities, 111–113
August Belmont and Company, 179
Automatic Data Processing (ADP), 54
automobile industry: and core competencies, 36, 50; and offshoring, 172
Autor, David, 264, 284
Awuah, Pius, 3, 197–198
Axiom Global Inc., 369n19

back wages, 155, 166, 249, 254; recovery of, 16, 130, 222; and traditional enforcement, 221-222; and FLSA, 227; defined, 327n23
backward integration, 63
Bain Capital, 47, 301n18
Bakery Confectionery, Tobacco, and Grainmillers Union, 321n51; Local 464, 114
Bank of America, 2–3, 55
Barboza, David, 174–175
Beatrice (company), 36, 52–53
Bebchuk, Lucian, 49
Becker, Gary, 80
Berle, Adolph, 35–36, 44
Bernhardt, Annette, 246–247
Bessemer process, 32
Betacom, 111–112
Bewley, Truman, 84–86, 310n14, 312n22
Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA), 103
Black Mag LLC, 240–241
BlackRock, 46
BlackStone Group, 47, 125
Blankenship, Don, 238
Blinder, Alan, 171, 337n28
Boeing, 41
Bonsack machine, 32
Boston Manufacturing Company, 295n17
BP, and Deepwater Horizon accident, 19, 186, 207; and outsourcing, 54–55
Bradsher, Keith, 174–175
branding, 4, 8, 11, 56, 313n34, 323n2; and core competencies, 66, 123; importance of, 123; and franchising, 126; in hospitality industry, 143–144; and enforcement, 234–236; of chicken, 323n3
“broken windows” analogy, 243–267
Burger King, 129, 261, 323n4
business credit cards, 324n9–324n10
business cycle, and fissuring, 9, 282-285
business ownership, and management control, 34–37; role of institutional investors, 45-46; and private equity, 46-47

cable TV industry, and fissuring, 118–121
California Labor Department, 166
call center work, and offshoring, 168, 172
CALPERS, 46
Campbell Soup, 259–261
capital, and franchising, 125–126
capital markets, 125–126, 298n35, 298n38; demands of, 8, 44–49; private equity, 46-47; and executive compensation, 49; response to shedding employment, 73–75
Carnegie, Andrew, 32
Carrillo, Everardo, 3, 201
Carrols Food Group, 129
Cascom Inc., 1, 119–121, 322n65
cell towers, expansion and maintenance of, 108–109; and subcontracting methods, 109-110; and standards for quality, 110, 319n37, 319n39; and consequences of fissuring, 111–113, 318n32
Chicago Tribune, 279
China Labor Watch, 174
Choice Hotels, 146
Cingular, 109, 111–113; and audits, 70; and penalties, 72. See also AT&T
Cisco, 173
Civil Rights Act (1964), Title VII, and notification about employee rights, 252
CleanNet USA, 133–134, 141
Cleeland, Nancy, 91
Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW), 261–262
coal industry, 101, 315n5, 316n10; and subcontracting, 102–107, 316, n12, 317n23; and fatalities, 105, 216; and legislation regarding subcontracting, 204
Coase, Ronald, 30
Cocoa Services, 115–117, 321n55
collective action problem, 253–256
collective agents, role of, 253-256
collective bargaining, 37, 56, 77, 86, 280; and NLRA, 21; process, 39; in 1950s, 41; agreements, 54, 101, 254, 277; and FLOC, 261; in construction, 355n40
common law, views of employment relationships, 184–190
Commons, John R., 179, 342n21
communication technology, 8–9; role in employment restructuring, 4; and standards, 60-61; in trucking industry, 61-62; in retailing, 62-63
company towns, 79
compensation: and horizontal equity, 83–85; and vertical equity, 85–87
complaint behavior, 245–248; and employer retaliation, 246-247, 360n5; and inspections, 237; changes over time, 247-248; and exercise of rights, 252-253
ConAgra, 53
conglomerates, 36–37; dismantling of, 51–53
construction industry, 315n2; and injuries, 192; residential, 218-219, 231, 350n8, 351n15; and enforcement, 230–234; and subcontracting, 99, 355n40
Continental Bread, 36
contingent employment, 271–274
contracts, incomplete, 64–66, 301n19, 311n18
coordination, falling cost of, 60–63
core competencies, 49-50, 63, 302n26, 313n34; focusing on, 11, 53-55, 57-58; and branding, 66, 123; in hospitality industry, 145; logistics as, 161; in retailing, 162; of law firms, 275; in financial services, 279,
Costco, 259
Cotton, William “Bubba,” 111–113
Council for Educational Travel, U.S.A. (CETUSA), 2, 114, 117–118
Coverall North America, 1–3, 133–134, 137, 197–198; franchise agreement, 328n36, 329n40
credit cards, as source of capital, 125–126
Current Population Survey, 292n7; Contingent Work Supplement, 271–272

Davis-Bacon Act, 356n45
Day, Liz, 109, 111
Dell, 173
DeMoulas Supermarket (Market Basket), 229–230
Desai, Bhairavi, 256
deterrence: general and specific, 237-238; theory of, 357n54
Dey, Matthew, 270
DHL, 57, 321n59; as logistics provider, 161
distribution: and outsourcing, 57; fissuring of, and Hershey Company, 117–118
Doeringer, Peter, 38
Domino’s Pizza, 199–201, 346n41,
downsizing, stock market effects of, 74–75
Dunkin’ Donuts: standards for franchisees, 13; franchise agreement, 66
Dunlop, John, 261, 310n9, 365n34
DuPont, 33–34

Easterbrook, Judge Frank, 191–192
electronics industry, and offshoring, 172
Ember Contracting Corporation, 105–107, 318n25
employee, definition of, 20–23, 184–186
Employee Free Choice Act, 209
Employee Misclassification Prevention Act, 205
employer: definition of, 184–186, 292n14; types of, defined, 343n25
employment: shift in focus of, 8–10; shedding, 11–12; contingent forms of, 24; contracted, 293n22
employment conditions, and fissuring, 16
employment restructuring, 7; examples of, 1–3; development of, 3–4; role of communication technology in, 4; role of information technology in, 4; consequences of, 9–10
enforcement, 22; federal spending for, 215-216; and probability of inspection, 217-220; and investigation protocols, 220; limits of traditional approaches to, 221–222; strategies in fissured workplaces, 222-234; and deterrence, 237; strategic, 249-252
enterprise boundaries, defining, 30–31
enterprise-wide agreements, as enforcement strategy, 228–230
Erickcek, George, 58–59
establishment, use of term, 218
exchange traded funds (ETFs), 300n12
executive compensation: and firm performance, 48–49; and capital markets, 49
Exel, 2, 117–118, 321n59
externalities, and fissuring, 18-19
Exult, 54–55

Fair Labor Association, 175, 263, 365n36
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 3, 184, 235, 246; definition of employee, 21, 184, 190-192; and hospitality industry, 155; and enforcement of minimum wage and overtime regulations, 221–222; and complaints, 247–248; and notification about employee rights, 252
fairness, 81-83, 310n12, 311n21, 312n22, 360n1; and horizontal equity, 83-85; and vertical equity, 85-87; and income inequality, 280-282 Fair Work Ombudsman (Australia), 224, 352n18
Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA, 1993), 209, 246; and notification about employee rights, 252
Farber, Hank, 74–75
Farm Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC), 260–262
farms, use of term, 218; See also agriculture industry
fast food industry, 126-132; franchise agreements, 66-69; franchising and workplace labor standards, 129–132; and minimum wage, 326n19. See also names of firms
Federal Express, as logistics provider, 161
Federal Trade Commission, 52, 291n3, 303n31, 329n40, 346n39
FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB, 341n7
Feenstra, Rob, 169
Fidelity, 46
financial markets, efficient market model of, 45
financial services industry, and fissuring, 279–280
Ford, Henry, 32, 63
Forever 21, 228
Foulkes, Fred, 84, 296n28, 312n27
401(k) accounts, 45
Foxconn, 171–176, 264, 366n44
franchise disclosure documents (FDDs), 139, 306n62
franchisee associations, 257–258, 363n28
franchising, 1–3, 70–72, 94–95, 305n49; and fissuring, 9, 122–158; extent of, 12, 324n7; as business format, 25, 61, 66, 270; and janitorial services industry, 56, 132–142; and capital, 125–126; and branding, 126; and fast food industry, 129–132, 325n15; conflict of interest in, 136; and hospitality industry, 146–150; and right to control, 195–201; as misclassification, 197–199; and Massachusetts, 198–199; and liability, 199–201; and enforcement, 236; and AAHOA, 257–258; and contingent workers, 273; traditional, 305n51; hybrid, 314n3; origin of, 323n1
franchising agreement, 67–69; Dunkin’ Donuts, 66; Taco Bell, 66, 124, 307n68; Jan-Pro Franchising International, 134–136; Pizza Hut, 307n67; Coverall North America, 328n36, 329n40
Freeman, Richard, 245
Fried, Jesse, 49
Friedman, Milton, 299n1

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 37, 44, 49
General Foods, 33
General Motors, 33–34, 41, 163, 172–173
Glynn, Timothy, 206–207
Gou, Terry, 175
Government Performance Review Act (GPRA, 1996), 214
Great Recession of 2007–2009, 15, 23, 282–285
Greenhouse, Steven, 93
G. R. Mining, 106, 318n25
guest workers (H2-A), 261–262
Guest Workers Alliance, 118
Gunningham, Neil, 241, 359n64

Hallock, Kevin, 74–75
health insurance, 16; employer-paid, 292n8
hedge funds, 47, 301n14
Heerden, Auret van, 175
Hershey, Milton, 114
Hershey Company, 2–3, 321n54; and fissuring, 113–118
Hewlett Packard (HP), 173, 175–176
Hilton, 41, 146
Hilton Management Services, 150–151
horizontal equity, 88–89, 312n24; and compensation, 83–85
hospitality industry: and hybrid fissuring, 142–157; and branding, 143–144; and core competencies, 145; franchising in, 146–150; franchising agreements in, 147–149; and independent operating companies, 150-152; and staffing agencies, 152-154; and workplace labor standards, 154–157
Hospitality Staffing Solutions, 142–143, 152–154, 157, 332n61
“hot cargo” provision, 206, 227-228, 356n49
Houseman, Susan, 58–59, 270
House of Representatives, Committee on Manufacturers, 224
housing starts, 350n8
human capital: investment in, 310n9; job-specific, 80
Hyatt Hotels Corporation, 143, 155, 157

IBM, 7, 39, 173, 338n35
Impact Logistics, 164–166, 201–203
implicit contract theory, and internal labor markets, 81
incentive-based pay systems, 84; growth of, 48–49; and Lincoln Electric, 311n20. See also piece rates
income inequality, changes in, 19-20, 23, 280-281, 293n19, 296n26 372n40, 372n45; and politics, 208-209; and fissuring, 92, 281-282
independent contracting, 10, 314n37, 314n39, 341n7; in the logistics industry, 161-162; as form of employment, 270
Independent Contractor Proper Classification Act of 2007, 205
independent contractors, 21, 24, 186, 205, 212, 236; misclassification of workers as, 10; and cable installation, 119–121; FedEx drivers as, 161; and petrochemical industry, 186–188
independent operating companies, in hospitality industry, 151–152
information asymmetries, in employment, 80
information technology, 8–9, 305n53; role of, in employment restructuring, 4; and outsourcing, 52, 54–55; development of, 60–61
internal labor markets: development of, 37-39; and wage determination, 39-40, 80-81, 296n24; decline of, 40-41, 87-88; alternative theories of 80-81, 296n25, 296n26, 297n31, 298n38
International Labour Organization, 263, 366n42
international monitoring, and global supply chains, 262–265
inventory: minimizing of, 162; turns, 294n4
IRAs, growth of, 45
Island Creek Coal, 104–105
ITT Corporation, 36

J-1 visa program, 2, 113, 118
Jacobs, Jane, 243, 265–266
Jani-King International, 134, 198
janitorial services industry: and outsourcing, 55–56; as vanguard of fissuring, 90–91; origin of, 132–133; business model for franchising, 134–136; financial viability of franchising, 136–139; franchising and labor standards, 139–142; evolution of employment structures in, 220; and independent contractors, 327n31; and branding, 327n31;
Jan-Pro Franchising International, 133–134; franchising agreement, 134–136
job polarization, 284–285
Jobs, Steve, 51
Journatic, 277–279
Justice for Janitors campaign, 327n31

Kahneman, Daniel, 82
Kalleberg, Arne, 58–59, 270
Kaufmann, Patrick J., 127, 363n28
Kelling, George, 243, 249
KFC, 129, 323n4
KKR and Company, 47, 53
Knutson, Ryan, 109, 111
Kodak, 39
Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts. See KKR and Company
Krugman, Paul, 281, 372n43

labor brokers, 9, 97, 167; early form, 179-180
labor market, 309n4, 309n7, 340n2; internal, 37–40, 81, 296n24–296n25, 297n31, 298n38; information as lubricant in, 79; and large employers, 79; compensation studies, 85; in coal mining industry, 105; in cell tower industry, 111; in janitorial services industry, 141-142; in hospitality industry, 154-155; in apparel industry, 224-225; social networks in, 255–256; segmented, 298n34; and wages, 352n22. See also internal labor markets
labor standards: and fissuring, 16; and fast food franchising, 129, 132; and janitorial services franchising, 139–142; compliance, in hospitality industry, 154–157; and cucumbers, 259–262
labor unions: role in internal labor markets, 37, 41, 86; as collective agents, 253–254; density of, 41, 254. See also names of labor unions
Lafontaine, Francine, 127, 363n28
large-firm wage premium, 39-40, 297n30, 297n31, 298n37
lean retailing, 62, 65; principles of, 162–163. 334n4; and apparel industry, 226
legal process outsourcing (LPO) firms, 275
legal profession, and fissuring, 274–276
Lehigh Valley Coal Co. v. Yensavage, 347n50
Lenny, Richard, 115
Lettire Construction, 233–234
liability: as issue in fissuring, 78; tests to assess, 186, 190; vicarious liability defined, 189; and subcontracting, 190-192; and multiemployer settings, 192-195, 233-234; and franchising, 195-201; and supply chain relationships, 201-203 Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009), 209
Litton Industries, 36
Locke, Richard, 174, 264, 365n39, 366n41
logistics industry; and outsourcing, 57-58, 63; and fissuring, 96, 117-118, 160–167
loss aversion, 85–86
LRSolutions, 275–276
Lyons and Sons, 115–117, 321n55

maintenance services, and outsourcing, 55–56
markets. See capital markets; competitive markets; financial markets; labor market; stock market
Marriott, 2–3, 146, 150; and branding, 331n54
Massachusetts: and franchising, 198–199; and presumption of employee status, 204–205
Massey Doctrine, 102–103, 107, 369n17
Massey Upper Big Branch (mine disaster), 238
McDonald’s, 127, 259, 261, 323n4, 325n14; Miller v. McDonald’s Corp., 195, 345n33
McKinley, President William, 224
Means, Gardiner, 35–36, 44
Microtel, standards for affiliated properties, 13
Migrant and Seasonal Worker Protection Act, 260; and notification about employee rights, 252
Miller v. McDonald’s Corp., 195, 345n33
Milliken, Michael, 53
Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act (MINER Act), 317n24, 357n55, 359n62
Mine Safety and Health Act, 102–103, 238
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), 101–103, 357n55; and enforcement outlays, 215-216; and POV program, 238–240 , 358n59, 358n60
minimum wage standards. 326n19, 349n65; violations rates, 9, 18, 130, 132; and fast food industry, 130; and janitorial services industry, 140; and hospitality industry, 154; and apparel industry, 226
misclassification of workers, 10, 212, 236. See also independent contracting
misclassification law, 292n12; Massachusetts, 197–198
modern corporation, origins of, 31–34
monopsony, 296n25, 309n4–309n5, 309n7, 313n33; power, 79–81; model, 87
Moore’s Law, 61
moral hazard, 306n57
Morgan Foods, 129
Mt. Olive Pickles, 260
Munro Muffler Company, 229-230
mutual funds, 45–46

nail salons, 256
National Employment Law Project, 284, 293n20
National Franchise Program (Australia), 224
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), 41, 77, 184–185, 207, 246, 316n11; definition of employee, 21; and posting of notices, 253
National Labor Relations Board, 185, 292n14; NLRB v. Hearst Publications Inc., 185, 341n6; and posting of notices, 253; NLRB v. United Insurance, 341n7
Nations Roof LLC, 231–233
New Hampshire, and presumption of employee status, 205
newspapers, and fissuring, 276–279
Nike, 234; and supply chain monitoring, 264, 365n36
NLRB v. Hearst Publications Inc., 185, 341n6
NLRB v. United Insurance, 341n7
non-profit entities, and outsourcing, 304n41
North Carolina Growers Association, 260–262
NPC International, 129
Nsoro LLC Inc., 109, 113
Nyden, Paul, 104, 315n4

Obama, President Barack, 51, 205
Occupational Safety and Health Act, 207, 246, 343n22, 360n5; and definition of employer, 184-185; and multiemployer settings, 192-195, 207; and complaints, 247–248; and notification about employee rights, 252
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 112, 116–117, 185, 192–195, 207; and enforcement outlays, 215-216; and DeMoulas Supermarket agreement, 229-230; and Munro Muffler agreement, 228-230; and Nations Roof agreement, 231-233; and Black Mag inspection, 240-241
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC), 194
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP), 215
offshoring, 168, 336n22; use of term, 159; in supply chains, 167–177; and workers, 168–171
Oi, Walter, 80
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 273
outsourcing, 270, 304n37, 336n22; of human resource activities, 52, 54, 55; of information technology activities, 54-55; of janitorial and maintenance, 55-56; and reengineering, 57; use of term, 159; in supply chains, 167–177; consequences of, 174–176; increases in, 270–271; and legal profession, 274–276; and non-profit entities, 304n41
overtime standards: violations rates, 18; and fast food industry, 130; and janitorial services industry, 132; and hospitality industry, 154

Patrick, Governor Deval (Massachusetts), 155
Patriot Coal Corporation, 105, 317n22
pensions, 16, 45, 292n7–292n8; defined benefit, 299n4; defined contributions, 299n4
Perrow, Charles, 113
petrochemical industry, 186–188
Phillips 66, 186
Pickens, T. Boone, 53
piece rates, 84, 311n16, 311n20; as compensation in logistics, 165–166
Piore, Michael, 38, 296n24, 298n34
Pizza Hut, 72, 129; franchise agreement, 307n67
Polivka, Anne, 270
Premier Warehousing Ventures LLC (PWV), 2, 164–165, 201–203
principal/agent dilemma, 59
private equity model, 46–47, 301n14, 308n70; and company restructuring, 47; employment impacts of, 73–74
property rights framework, 295n14–295n15
Prudential Financial, 55

Quiznos, 127, 325n15

Rana Plaza complex, collapse of, 176
reengineering, 57
REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts), 125, 293n16, 324n8
residential construction. See construction industry
restaurant hygiene, impact of transparency on, 235
retail industry, 28–30; history of, 28-30, 294n1, 295n13, 323n1; and information costs, 62-63, 226; and fissuring, 291n1; and supply chains, 159, 227-228; logistics requirements, 163-164, 334n8. See also lean retailing
Reyes v. Remington Hybrid Seed Co., 191–192
rights: assertion of, 243–248. See also workplace rights
Robinson-Patman Act, 294n5
Rogers, Brishen, 206
Rogers, Joel, 245
Rogers-Premier Unloading Services, 164–165, 201–203
Romney, Mitt, 301n18
Rosalez, Ruben, 228
Rutherford Food v. McComb, 190–191

Saks Fifth Avenue, 65, 163; standards for vendors, 13; and audits, 70; and penalties, 71–72
Samuelson, Paul, 169–171
Sanborn, Craig, 240
scale, economies of, 32–33
Schneider Logistics, 2, 57–58, 163–167, 201–203, 334n5
Sears, Roebuck and Co., 33, 41, 295n13
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 303n31
Service Employees International Union, 327n31
Sheraton Hotels, 36
SHS OnSite Solutions, 2, 117–118
Singer Company, 323n1
Sloan, Alfred P., 36
Smith, Vincent, 116–117
Snyder, Judge Christine, 201
social consequences, of fissured workplace, 16, 91–92; of franchising, 158
social insurance benefits, 77
social networks, in labor market, 255–256
Soho Coal Company, 104
standards: as driver of fissuring, 11; creating and reinforcing, 12–14; explicit, 64–66; and franchising, 123-124; in fast food industry, 13, 66-69, 126; in retailing industry, 13, 62-63, 65-66, 165, 307n65, 334n8; in hospitality industry, 13, 146-150; and technology, 60-62; in cell towers, 110; and rebalancing, 288-289 Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide Inc., 150
Stiglitz, Joseph, 208–209
stock market, effects of downsizing, 74–75
strategic enforcement. See enforcement
subcontracting, 94–95, 99–121, 204, 314n3, 315n4, 316n11, 322n67; turfer model of, 109–111; and Hershey Company, 115–118; and logistics, 164–165; and liability, 186–190; and incentives for insolvency, 189; and right to control, 190–195; and multiemployer liability, 192–195; measuring prevalence of, 270; and newspapers, 277–279
Subway, 224
subway construction (NYC), 179–180
Summit Contractors, 194, 207, 230–231, 343n27
supply chains, 25-26, 94-94, 314n3; strategy at Hershey, 115; in manufacturing and retail, 159; and fissuring, 159–177; outsourcing and offshoring in, 167–177; globalization of, in electronics, 171–174; relationships in, 201–203; for garments, 228; global, and international monitoring, 262–265; international, 338n39
sweatshops, 224, 365n36

Taco Bell, 129, 259; and franchise agreement, 66, 124, 307n68; and audits, 70–71
targeted transparency, 234–235
tasks and assets, “complementarity” of, 295n14
Taxi Workers Alliance (NYC), 256
Tazreen Fashions, fire at, 176
telecommunications, and fissuring, 107–113. See also cell towers
temporary workers:traditional use of, 59, 153; in distribution industry 164, 201-202; prevalence of, 271, 273, 291n1, 367n8;
third-party management, 9, 25; in hospitality industry, 142-143, 151-152; in logistics industry, 162-163
Time Warner, 1–3, 119–121
Timpone, Brian, 277
Torres-Lopez v. May, 342n17
trade: and supply chains, 168–171; benefits of, 337n27
transaction cost economics, theory of, 30–31
Transocean, 19
transparency, as regulatory instrument, 234-235, 241, 349n63; in international supply chains, 262-264; political economy of, 349n66
Transparency in Supply Chains Act (California), 356n49
Triangle Shirtwaist, fire at, 176
T. Rowe Price, 46
trucking, and information costs, 61–62
turfer model of subcontracting, 94-95, 109–111

ultimatum game, 82, 310n11
United Mine Workers of America (UMWA), 101–104
United Service Companies, 157
UNITE HERE!, 155, 365n36
UPS, 57–58; as logistics provider, 161
Ureche, Tudor, 3, 113
U.S. Chemical Safety Board, 19, 341n12, 348n60
U.S. Department of Labor. See Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA); Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCC); Wage and Hour Division
U.S. exports and imports by end use, 169–170

Vanguard, 46
Verizon, 94–95, 107
vertical equity, 89; and compensation, 85–87
vicarious liability, 186–201. See also liability
Vlasic Pickle, 259–260

Wage and Hour Division, 118, 120, 206, 215, 226–227, 230, 235; and Lettire Construction, 233–234; and complaints, 247–248
wage determination, 8, 76–92, 207–208; and fairness, 81–83
Wage Payment and Collection Act (WPCA), 105, 204
Walmart, 2–3, 29, 162, 173, 176, 201, 234, 292n9, 295n13; and lean retailing, 163–167
Webb, Beatrice, 80, 83
Webb, Sidney, 80, 83
We Can Help campaign, 252
Wendy’s, 259
WesTower Communications, 109–113
West Virginia Workers’ Compensation Fund, 104
Williams, Jeff, 175
Williams, Lucine, 143
Williamson, Oliver, 30–31
Wilson, Charles Erwin, 172
Wilson, James Q., 243, 249
Wirtz v. Lone Star Steel Co., 342n17
Wolf, Judge Mark, 198
Worker Adjustment Notifications Act (1988), 209
Workers Rights Consortium, 263
workplace governance, 265–267
workplace rights, knowledge about, 245–246, 252–253; role of collective agents, 253-256
Wyndham, 146

Young, Judge William, 198
Yum! (company), 129, 261

Zatz, Noah, 203